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Bouguirat, nestled within the Mostaganem State of Algeria, occupies a strategically important coastal position on the Mediterranean Sea. Located at approximately 35.75°N, 0.43°E, the city’s geography is defined by a gently sloping coastal plain transitioning into the Tell Atlas mountains to the south. This terrain influences local air circulation patterns; prevailing northerly winds from the Mediterranean often bring maritime air inland, but can also trap pollutants under certain conditions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – and scrubland, contributing to seasonal dust events. Bouguirat’s proximity to the port of Mostaganem, a significant industrial hub, is a key factor impacting air quality. This port facilitates the import and export of goods, including petroleum products and manufactured materials, leading to potential emissions from shipping and related industrial activities. The urban–rural gradient around Bouguirat is relatively gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural areas blending into the city’s periphery. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 15 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the effects of temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months. The Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, further shapes the local atmospheric conditions and influences the dispersion of pollutants. The coastal location also means the city is susceptible to sea breezes, which can both dilute and concentrate pollutants depending on the time of day and season.

Bouguirat’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle driven by meteorological factors. The warm, dry summers (June-August) are often characterized by stagnant air and elevated particulate matter concentrations. High temperatures suppress vertical mixing, leading to the accumulation of pollutants from local sources, including vehicle emissions and agricultural activities like burning crop residue. Dust storms originating from the Sahara, though less frequent than in more southerly regions, can still impact air quality during this period. Autumn (September-November) brings a slight improvement as winds increase, dispersing pollutants more effectively. However, temperature inversions can still occur, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in the mornings. Winter (December-February) typically sees the lowest pollution levels due to increased rainfall and stronger winds, which naturally cleanse the atmosphere. Fog, however, can occasionally form, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Spring (March-May) marks a transition period; while winds generally improve air quality, dust events can become more frequent as the Sahara experiences increased wind activity. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during the summer months and be mindful of potential dust events in spring. During periods of stagnant air or fog, it’s advisable to remain indoors with windows closed and air purifiers running. Maintaining vehicle maintenance and reducing unnecessary vehicle use can contribute to improved air quality throughout the year.