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Bou Sfer, a commune within the Wilaya of Oran in Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position along the Mediterranean coastline. Situated at coordinates 35.7108° N, -0.8106° W, the city benefits from a coastal climate but is also influenced by the surrounding terrain. The landscape is characterised by a blend of coastal plains and the foothills of the Tell Atlas mountains, rising inland. This proximity to the mountains creates localized wind patterns and can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. Oran, the larger regional hub, exerts a strong urban influence on Bou Sfer, creating an urban-rural gradient as one moves away from the coast. The area is largely agricultural, with olive groves and vineyards dominating the surrounding lands, though industrial activity concentrated around Oran port impacts regional air quality. The Mediterranean Sea provides a moderating influence on temperatures, but also contributes to humidity and potential for sea breezes that can either disperse or concentrate pollutants depending on atmospheric conditions. The relatively low elevation of Bou Sfer, combined with its coastal location, makes it susceptible to marine air masses and associated pollutants. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Bou Sfer.

Bou Sfer experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. Winter (November to February) often brings increased particulate matter from residential heating using wood and coal, coupled with temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Rainfall during this period can temporarily improve air quality by washing away pollutants, but also creates damp conditions conducive to mould growth. Spring (March to May) sees improving conditions as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. However, agricultural burning of crop residue can contribute to localised smoke. Summer (June to August) is typically dry and hot, with stable atmospheric conditions and increased ozone formation due to strong sunlight and vehicle emissions. This is often the period of highest ozone concentrations. Autumn (September to October) sees a transition period, with decreasing temperatures and the potential for stagnant air masses. Sensitive individuals, including those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during winter and summer. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak pollution times, and staying informed about local conditions, is advisable. Monitoring wind direction is also helpful, as pollutants can accumulate downwind of Oran’s industrial areas.