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El Kerma, a small town nestled within the Oran State of Algeria, occupies a geographically significant position on the Mediterranean coast. Located at approximately 35.6167° N, -0.5667° W, its proximity to the sea profoundly influences its microclimate and, consequently, its air quality. The town sits on relatively flat terrain, part of the broader Tell Atlas foothills, with an elevation of around 15 meters above sea level. This low elevation contributes to potential temperature inversions, particularly during cooler months, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. El Kerma’s regional position is crucial; it lies within a zone experiencing a gradual urban–rural gradient as it transitions from the densely populated Oran metropolitan area towards more agricultural landscapes. To the west, the sprawling urban expanse of Oran introduces significant industrial and vehicular emissions. Eastward, the landscape shifts towards olive groves and small-scale farming, which, while generally beneficial, can occasionally contribute to particulate matter through agricultural practices like burning crop residue. The Mediterranean Sea itself acts as a moderating influence, providing sea breezes that can disperse pollutants, but also introducing marine aerosols. The surrounding landscape is characterized by a mix of coastal plains and gently sloping hills, limiting the natural ventilation that could otherwise aid in air quality improvement. The town’s small size (population 13,637) means localized sources, such as residential heating and small businesses, are more impactful on air quality than large-scale industrial zones, though the proximity to Oran’s industrial belt remains a factor.

El Kerma’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its Mediterranean climate. Autumn (September-November) often sees a gradual decline in air quality as temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease. The reduced wind speeds limit the dispersion of pollutants, and the increased frequency of temperature inversions traps emissions near the ground, particularly from residential heating as the weather turns colder. Winter (December-February) typically represents the most challenging period, with persistent temperature inversions and occasional fog contributing to stagnant air and elevated pollutant concentrations. Outdoor activities should be limited for vulnerable populations, including children and the elderly, during these months. Spring (March-May) brings a welcome improvement as stronger, more frequent winds sweep across the Mediterranean, effectively clearing the air. Agricultural activities begin to increase, potentially introducing some localized particulate matter, but the overall trend is towards better air quality. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, characterized by consistent sea breezes and high temperatures that promote atmospheric mixing. However, periods of intense heat can exacerbate ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. While less frequent, heatwaves can still pose a respiratory health risk. Throughout the year, the influence of Oran’s industrial emissions, carried by prevailing winds, can impact El Kerma’s air quality, regardless of the season. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and limiting strenuous outdoor activity during periods of stagnant air are crucial for protecting respiratory health.