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Mers el Kebir, nestled within the Oran Province of Algeria, occupies a strategically significant position on the Mediterranean coast. The city’s geography is defined by its location at the intersection of the Tell Atlas mountain range and the coastal plain, resulting in a varied terrain of gentle slopes descending towards the sea. At coordinates 35.7286, -0.7069, Mers el Kebir benefits from a moderate elevation, influencing local wind patterns and contributing to a relatively mild climate. The immediate surrounding landscape is characterised by fertile agricultural lands, particularly vineyards and olive groves, interspersed with semi-arid scrubland as one moves inland. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea plays a crucial role in moderating temperatures and introducing maritime air masses. However, this coastal location also means the city is susceptible to sea breezes that can trap pollutants. The port of Mers el Kebir, historically a major naval base, and the broader Oran industrial zone contribute to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas quickly giving way to denser residential and commercial zones closer to the coastline. This concentration of activity, coupled with the topographical features, creates microclimates that can exacerbate air quality issues, particularly during periods of stagnant air.

Mers el Kebir experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons heavily influencing air quality. Winter (November to February) brings increased rainfall, which temporarily improves air quality by washing away particulate matter, but also creates damp conditions conducive to fog formation, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. Calm, stable air masses during these months can lead to temperature inversions, exacerbating localised pollution from residential heating and port activity. Spring (March to May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as temperatures rise and winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants. Summer (June to August) is typically the driest period, with strong, dry winds from the Sahara potentially carrying dust and sand, increasing particulate matter concentrations. This is often the period of highest ozone formation due to intense sunlight. Autumn (September to October) offers a transitional period, with decreasing temperatures and the return of more frequent rainfall, leading to improved air quality. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the summer months due to dust and ozone, and during winter due to potential temperature inversions. Avoiding strenuous outdoor activity during peak heat and calm conditions is advisable.