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Ələt, a municipality within the city of Bakı (Baku), Azerbaijan, occupies a strategically important, yet environmentally sensitive, position on the Absheron Peninsula. Located at coordinates 39.9483° N, 49.4067° E, the town’s geography is defined by its proximity to the Caspian Sea, approximately 20km south of Baku city centre. The terrain is generally flat, transitioning from coastal plains to gently undulating hills inland. This low-lying coastal location significantly influences air quality, as sea breezes can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on meteorological conditions. Ələt is situated near major transportation corridors, including railway lines and highways connecting Baku to southern regions, contributing to localised emissions. The surrounding landscape is a mix of semi-desert and steppe vegetation, with limited natural vegetation to filter airborne particles. Historically an agricultural zone, the area is experiencing increasing industrial development, particularly related to oil and gas infrastructure, and port facilities. The urban-rural gradient is rapidly diminishing as Baku expands, leading to increased vehicle traffic and construction dust. The prevailing winds, often from the north-west, carry pollutants from industrial areas towards Ələt, exacerbating air quality concerns. The shallow waters of the Caspian Sea can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, trapping pollutants near the ground.

Air quality in Ələt follows a distinct seasonal pattern, heavily influenced by the Caspian Sea’s climate and regional weather systems. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in pollution as temperatures rise and agricultural activities, including burning of crop residue, commence. Winds are variable, sometimes offering relief, but temperature inversions can trap pollutants. Summer (June-August) typically experiences better air quality due to stronger sea breezes and higher mixing heights, though ozone formation can be a concern during prolonged hot spells. However, increased tourism and traffic contribute to localised emissions. Autumn (September-November) is often the worst period for air quality. Decreasing temperatures lead to increased use of heating fuels, and stagnant air masses become more frequent, trapping pollutants from domestic sources and industrial activity. November is particularly problematic. Winter (December-February) brings cold temperatures and increased reliance on coal and gas for heating, resulting in elevated levels of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Fog is common, further reducing visibility and exacerbating pollution. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter months, and consider using air purifiers indoors. Spring can also pose risks due to pollen and dust.