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Mərdəkan, a suburban settlement within the city of Baku, Azerbaijan, occupies a unique geographic position on the Absheron Peninsula, bordering the Caspian Sea. Situated at coordinates 40.4918° N, 50.1429° E, the terrain is generally flat to gently undulating, characteristic of the peninsula’s sedimentary geology. The settlement’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. Mərdəkan benefits from coastal breezes, but these can be inconsistent and sometimes insufficient to fully clear accumulated emissions. Surrounding Mərdəkan are agricultural lands, particularly vineyards and orchards, alongside expanding residential areas. The proximity to Baku’s industrial zones, concentrated further north and west along the peninsula, is a significant factor influencing air quality. These industries, including oil refining and petrochemical production, release various pollutants. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; moving inland from the coast, agricultural activity increases, while closer to Baku, industrial and traffic-related emissions dominate. The Caspian Sea moderates temperatures but also contributes to humidity, potentially exacerbating secondary pollutant formation. The peninsula’s geology, rich in oil and gas deposits, also contributes to background levels of volatile organic compounds. This combination of factors creates a complex air quality environment in Mərdəkan.

Mərdəkan’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter months, though dust storms originating from the surrounding arid landscapes can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, driven by consistent sea breezes and higher temperatures promoting atmospheric mixing, though ozone formation can be a concern on still, sunny days. However, increased recreational activity along the coast can contribute to localised emissions. Autumn (September-November) marks a deterioration in air quality as temperatures fall and temperature inversions become more frequent, trapping pollutants near the ground. This is compounded by increased heating demands and the start of the agricultural burning season. Winter (December-February) is generally the worst period for air quality. Weak winds, frequent temperature inversions, and increased reliance on fossil fuels for heating lead to a build-up of pollutants, particularly particulate matter and sulfur dioxide. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exposure during November to February. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June through August, but even then, monitoring conditions is advisable. Fog, common in winter, can further concentrate pollutants.