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Aplahoué, situated in the Couffo department of Benin, occupies a crucial position along the coastal lagoon system, specifically the Lagoons of Porto-Novo and Nokoué. Its coordinates (6.9333, 1.6833) place it within a low-lying, humid tropical environment. The terrain is largely flat, characteristic of the coastal plains of southern Benin, with elevations rarely exceeding 50 meters. This flatness contributes to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The city’s urban character is evolving, transitioning from a primarily fishing and agricultural community to a more diversified economic hub, though traditional activities remain dominant. Surrounding Aplahoué are extensive areas of agricultural land, particularly palm oil plantations and subsistence farming, alongside significant mangrove forests bordering the lagoon. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable increase in population density and commercial activity within the city limits. The proximity to the lagoon, while vital for livelihoods, also creates conditions conducive to humidity and potential stagnation of air, especially during calmer periods. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural practices, combined with potential emissions from small-scale industries and domestic fuel burning, contribute to the local air quality challenges. The coastal location means Aplahoué is also susceptible to long-range transport of pollutants from other West African urban centres.

Aplahoué experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from November to March, sees a peak in particulate matter pollution. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, carry substantial amounts of dust southward, significantly degrading air quality. Lower humidity during this period also means dust remains suspended for longer. January and February are generally the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season, spanning April to October, brings relief through rainfall which effectively washes away pollutants. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, usually offer the cleanest air. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in temperate climates, can occur during the transition periods between seasons, trapping pollutants near the ground. Calm wind conditions during these transitions also contribute to localized pollution build-up. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and be mindful of potential mold exposure during the wet season. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for informed decision-making regarding outdoor exposure.