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Djakotomé sits within the lush, low-lying plains of the Couffo Department in southern Benin, characterized by a predominantly flat topography that facilitates the steady movement of air masses and heat across the coastal hinterland. As a significant urban center within a deeply agrarian landscape, the city exhibits a distinct urban-rural gradient where densely packed residential clusters transition abruptly into sprawling plantations of oil palms and maize. This geographic positioning is pivotal to its air quality profile, as the surrounding vegetation acts as a natural carbon sink, yet the openness of the terrain leaves the city vulnerable to transboundary pollutants. Located away from the immediate Atlantic coastline but influenced by its proximity, the humidity remains high, which can trap particulate matter near the surface during stagnant periods. The city is crisscrossed by small tributaries and seasonal streams that maintain soil and moisture, reducing local dust during the rainy season but contributing to organic aerosol formation. Industrial activity is minimal compared to Cotonou, yet the concentration of artisanal workshops and small-scale processing units creates localized pollution hotspots. The absence of significant mountain barriers means that wind patterns are primarily governed by the interplay between the Atlantic breeze and the continental dry air. Consequently, Djakotomé’s air quality is less a product of industrial smog and more a reflection of the seasonal agricultural cycle and the regional movement of dust across the West African plateau.

The air quality narrative in Djakotomé is dictated by the rhythmic oscillation between the wet and dry seasons. From May to October, the monsoon rains dominate, scrubbing the atmosphere of particulates through wet deposition. During these humid months, air quality is generally at its peak, as precipitation washes away dust and suppresses the burning of agricultural waste. However, the transition to the dry season, particularly from November to February, introduces the Harmattan, a northeasterly trade wind that transports vast quantities of mineral dust from the Sahara Desert. This period marks the annual peak in particulate matter, often creating a hazy veil that reduces visibility and irritates the human respiratory system. Concurrent with the Harmattan is the peak of the agricultural burning season, where farmers clear land using fire, releasing significant smoke and carbon monoxide into the stagnant lower atmosphere. Temperature inversions during the cool Harmattan mornings can trap these pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating health risks. Sensitive groups, including children and the elderly, should limit strenuous outdoor activities during the peak Harmattan months of December and January to avoid acute respiratory distress. Conversely, the shoulder seasons of March and April offer a moderate balance, though increasing heat can intensify ground-level ozone. For optimal health, residents are encouraged to monitor visibility levels, as the thickest dust haze typically signals the highest concentration of airborne irritants and the need for protective measures.