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Campo do Brito, nestled in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast region. Located at approximately -10.7333° latitude and -37.4933° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the coastal plains of Sergipe. Its elevation is relatively low, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though this can also exacerbate pollution accumulation under certain conditions. Campo do Brito sits within a transitional zone between the humid tropical climate of the coast and the drier, more continental climate further inland. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture, primarily sugarcane and cassava cultivation, interspersed with patches of native Caatinga vegetation – a thorny, drought-resistant biome. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of fertilizers and the burning of agricultural residues, particularly during harvest seasons. The city’s proximity to the Sergipe River, though not directly adjacent, influences regional humidity and rainfall patterns. The urban–rural gradient around Campo do Brito is gradual, with small villages and agricultural plots blending seamlessly into the urban fabric. The lack of major industrial belts within immediate proximity is a mitigating factor for air quality, however, regional transport corridors carrying goods to and from larger urban centers like Aracaju can introduce transient pollution episodes. The prevailing winds, generally easterly, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, depending on atmospheric stability.

Campo do Brito experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations due to the prevalence of agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal. The lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for natural pollutant washout, and the drier air can also enhance the suspension of dust particles. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, are more frequent during the dry season, further hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Conversely, the wet season (January to July) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate matter. Stronger winds associated with occasional thunderstorms also aid in pollutant dispersion. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler nights in the transition months, trapping pollutants close to the ground. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally more favorable, particularly in the months of March to May, when rainfall is moderate and humidity is relatively lower. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, minimizing prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding areas with visible smoke. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution pattern, with peak concerns arising around harvest time when burning practices are most prevalent. Maintaining awareness of regional fire alerts is crucial for informed decision-making.