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Carmópolis, Sergipe, Brazil, nestled within the broader Northeast region, presents a unique geographic profile significantly influencing its air quality. Located at approximately -10.6478° latitude and -36.9889° longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating terrain, part of the Sergipan Coastal Plain. This plain is characterized by low elevation, rarely exceeding 100 meters above sea level, and is predominantly composed of sedimentary deposits. Carmópolis is situated inland, approximately 60 kilometers from the Atlantic coast, benefiting from a moderate maritime influence, though not as pronounced as coastal cities. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to sugarcane cultivation and livestock farming, interspersed with patches of native Caatinga vegetation – a semi-arid scrubland biome. This agricultural activity, particularly sugarcane processing, represents a potential source of localized air pollutants. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural fields bordering the city limits. The proximity to the Sergipe River, though not directly adjacent, contributes to regional humidity and can influence atmospheric stability. The prevailing winds generally flow from the northeast, bringing moisture from the Atlantic, but can shift seasonally. The lack of significant topographic barriers within the immediate vicinity means pollutants, once released, tend to disperse relatively easily, although temperature inversions, common during the drier months, can trap them closer to the ground. The city’s small size and relatively low population density (13,853) suggest a less concentrated source of urban pollution compared to larger Brazilian metropolises.

Carmópolis experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting its air quality dynamics. The wet season, typically spanning from March to August, brings consistent rainfall and high humidity. This increased precipitation naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere, washing away particulate matter and reducing overall pollution levels. Winds are generally more frequent and stronger during this period, facilitating pollutant dispersion. The dry season, from September to February, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and increased atmospheric stability. This often leads to the formation of temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear land for sugarcane cultivation, intensifies during the dry season, significantly contributing to particulate matter and smoke pollution. Months like October and November often experience the highest levels of localized air pollution due to this practice. The intense heat during the dry season can also exacerbate ozone formation, although this is likely less significant than particulate matter concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly on days with visible smoke or haze. During the wet season, while overall air quality is generally better, high humidity can still aggravate respiratory issues for some individuals. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year.