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Gararu, nestled in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position along the northeastern coastline. Located at approximately -9.9675 latitude and -37.0833 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape transitioning from coastal plains to low hills. Its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean exerts a considerable influence on local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly a mosaic of coastal forests (Mata Atlântica remnants), small-scale agriculture (primarily cassava and beans), and scattered patches of mangroves along the riverine systems that drain into the ocean. Gararu sits within a broader urban–rural gradient; while it maintains a distinctly rural character, it benefits from its relative closeness to the larger urban centers of Aracaju, the state capital, approximately 130 kilometers to the south. This connection facilitates some level of economic activity and transportation, though industrial presence within Gararu itself is minimal. The elevation is relatively low, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level, which can contribute to the stagnation of air pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The prevailing winds, generally easterly, are often moderated by the coastal influence, but can occasionally shift, bringing in air masses from inland agricultural zones, potentially carrying dust and agricultural emissions. The Rio Piauí, a significant waterway, flows near the city, influencing local humidity and microclimates.

Gararu’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced humidity and less frequent rainfall washing pollutants from the atmosphere. However, this period can also experience periods of stagnant air, particularly during anticyclonic conditions, leading to a build-up of locally generated emissions. The wet season, from January to July, is characterized by higher humidity and frequent rainfall, which generally helps to cleanse the air. However, intense rainfall events can occasionally stir up dust and sediment, temporarily degrading air quality. The months of March and April often experience a transitional period with increased wind variability, which can disperse pollutants but also lead to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. During the dry season, particularly September and October, residents, especially those with respiratory sensitivities, should be mindful of potential periods of stagnant air and limit strenuous outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. The wet season, while generally beneficial, can still present challenges during heavy rainfall events. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally occur during the dry season, contributing to localized smoke episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should monitor local conditions and take precautions when air quality is visibly affected.