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Poço Redondo, nestled in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, occupies a relatively flat portion of the semi-arid Agreste region. Located at approximately -9.8058 latitude and -37.6850 longitude, the city’s geography is characterised by gently undulating terrain transitioning between the coastal plains and the more rugged interior. The surrounding landscape is dominated by *caatinga* vegetation – a uniquely Brazilian dry shrubland – interspersed with small farms and patches of forest. The city’s elevation is modest, generally below 100 meters, influencing air dispersion patterns. Poço Redondo isn’t directly on the coast, but is situated inland, approximately 60km from the Atlantic Ocean, meaning maritime influences are present but moderated. The regional economy is heavily reliant on agriculture, particularly sugarcane and fruit cultivation, with some livestock farming. This agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter through land preparation and harvesting. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly gives way to rural landscapes. This proximity to agricultural zones, combined with the relatively flat terrain, can lead to localised air quality issues, particularly during dry periods when dust and agricultural by-products are easily suspended. Limited industrial activity within Poço Redondo itself means long-range transport of pollutants from larger urban centres is a more significant factor than local emissions.

Poço Redondo experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality is generally better during the wet season (roughly March to August) due to rainfall effectively scavenging pollutants from the atmosphere. The increased humidity also suppresses dust resuspension. However, even during the wet season, localised flooding can exacerbate mould spore concentrations, impacting respiratory health. The dry season (September to February) presents the greatest air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall allows particulate matter from agricultural activities – sugarcane burning, land clearing – and road dust to accumulate. Strong, dry winds common during this period further disperse these pollutants. Temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the surface, are more frequent during the calmer nights of the dry season, concentrating pollutants. November and December are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from agricultural areas will likely carry higher concentrations of particulate matter. Staying indoors with windows closed and using air purifiers can provide relief. The transition periods (March and September) see fluctuating conditions, requiring vigilance.