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Bibémi, situated in Cameroon’s Nord Region at approximately 9.3167°N, 13.8833°E, is a city deeply embedded within the Adamawa Plateau. The terrain is characterised by undulating hills and plateaus, a landscape sculpted by ancient volcanic activity and subsequent erosion. This elevation, averaging around 1200-1500 meters above sea level, influences temperature and atmospheric circulation. Bibémi isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water, though smaller rivers and streams dissect the surrounding area, providing crucial water resources for agriculture. The city’s urban character is evolving, transitioning from a primarily agricultural centre to a more diversified economy, though agriculture remains dominant in the surrounding rural areas. This creates a distinct urban-rural gradient, with associated differences in pollution sources. The region is not heavily industrialised, but small-scale processing of agricultural products (cotton, coffee, and cocoa) contributes to localised emissions. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a significant factor. The plateau’s topography can trap pollutants during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality issues. The surrounding landscape is predominantly savannah and woodland, with pockets of rainforest at higher elevations. This vegetation plays a limited role in filtering pollutants, given the prevailing wind patterns and the scale of emissions.

Bibémi experiences a distinct wet and dry season cycle, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, roughly November to April, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and increased dust resuspension from agricultural activities and unpaved roads. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, can transport substantial amounts of dust, further degrading air quality. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality. The transition period, April-May, brings increased rainfall and a temporary improvement. The wet season, June to October, generally offers the best air quality. Frequent rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and fungal spores, potentially impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in January and February. During the wet season, while overall air quality is better, monitoring for mould and fungal growth is advisable. Avoiding burning agricultural residue is crucial year-round.