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Pitoa, nestled within the Nord Region of Cameroon at coordinates 9.3833° N, 13.5333° E, occupies a geographically significant position on the southern edge of the Benue Plateau. The city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating hills and valleys, a consequence of the plateau’s gradual descent towards the coastal plains. Elevation averages around 600-800 meters above sea level, influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. Pitoa is surrounded by a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to the cultivation of maize, millet, and sorghum, interspersed with patches of savanna woodland. This agricultural activity, particularly during harvesting seasons, contributes to localized particulate matter. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Pitoa transitions quickly from a concentrated settlement to the surrounding agricultural landscape. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the city benefits from seasonal streams and rainwater runoff, which can influence humidity levels and, consequently, the dispersion of pollutants. The region’s climate is tropical savanna, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The proximity to larger towns like Ngaoundéré, though not immediately adjacent, means Pitoa is part of a wider regional economic network, potentially experiencing some indirect impacts from industrial or transportation-related emissions. The prevailing winds generally flow from the north-east during the dry season, impacting air quality from any upwind sources. Topography plays a crucial role; valleys can trap pollutants, while higher elevations experience better ventilation.

Pitoa’s air quality experiences a pronounced seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The wet season, typically spanning from April to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and increased moisture promotes pollutant deposition. However, intense rainfall events can occasionally stir up dust and soil, temporarily degrading air quality. The dry season, from November to March, presents a more challenging scenario. Reduced rainfall, coupled with lower humidity, allows dust and particulate matter to persist for longer periods. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler mornings of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating localized air quality issues. Agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, peaks during the dry season, significantly contributing to smoke and particulate pollution. February and March often see the highest concentrations of these pollutants. During the transition months (March/April and September/October), wind patterns become more variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion during the early morning hours when temperature inversions are most likely to occur is advisable. Increased ventilation in homes and the use of air purifiers can also help mitigate indoor air pollution.