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Ādīgala, nestled within the Somali Region of Ethiopia at approximately 10.4236° latitude and 42.2333° longitude, occupies a geographically significant position within the Horn of Africa. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, typical of the arid and semi-arid landscapes prevalent in this part of Ethiopia. Elevation plays a crucial role; Ādīgala sits at a moderate altitude, influencing temperature patterns and atmospheric stability. The surrounding landscape is dominated by expansive grasslands and sparsely vegetated shrublands, indicative of a predominantly pastoral and agro-pastoral economy. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the area experiences seasonal rainfall, contributing to ephemeral water sources and influencing local humidity. Ādīgala’s regional position places it within a transitional zone between the drier lowlands and the higher plateau regions, impacting wind patterns and the potential for dust intrusion. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with Ādīgala serving as a commercial and administrative hub for the surrounding rural communities. Agricultural activities, primarily livestock rearing and limited rain-fed cultivation, are concentrated in the periphery, potentially contributing to localized air quality concerns through biomass burning during dry periods. The absence of large-scale industrial belts within immediate proximity mitigates some pollution risks, but the reliance on charcoal and wood for fuel, common in the region, presents a persistent challenge to air quality, particularly during cooler months. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Arabian Peninsula, can carry dust and pollutants across vast distances, impacting Ādīgala’s air quality.

Ādīgala’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical climate and prevailing meteorological conditions. The dry season, typically spanning from November to April, is often characterized by increased dust intrusion from the surrounding arid landscapes and the Arabian Peninsula. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, promoting the accumulation of particulate matter and exacerbating the impact of biomass burning for cooking and heating. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of this period, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of poorer air quality. The months of January and February often present the most challenging conditions for sensitive individuals. Conversely, the wet season, from May to October, brings relief through increased rainfall, which naturally washes pollutants from the atmosphere. Higher humidity also helps to suppress dust lifting. However, the onset of the monsoon season can introduce localized air quality issues related to agricultural practices, including the burning of crop residues. Fog, particularly during the transitional months of May and November, can also temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally more favorable, although periods of heavy rainfall can still impact air quality due to increased moisture and potential flooding. Individuals with respiratory conditions, young children, and the elderly should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and utilizing appropriate respiratory protection when necessary. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial.