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Delvāda, nestled in the Surendranagar district of Gujarat, India (20.7759° N, 71.0465° E), occupies a geographically significant position within a predominantly arid and semi-arid landscape. The town’s elevation, relatively modest at around 115 meters above sea level, contributes to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though it can also exacerbate pollution trapping under certain conditions. Situated approximately 150 kilometers from Ahmedabad, Delvāda lies within the broader Saurashtra region, characterized by its undulating terrain and sparse vegetation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural fields, primarily cultivating cotton, groundnut, and pulses, interspersed with scrubland and rocky outcrops. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, introduces particulate matter from crop residue burning, particularly during post-harvest seasons. The town’s proximity to the Rann of Kutch, a vast salt marsh, influences regional wind patterns, occasionally bringing in dust and saline aerosols. Delvāda’s urban character is that of a small, developing town, with a gradual urban–rural gradient extending outwards. While not directly adjacent to a major river, groundwater resources are utilized for irrigation and domestic purposes. The presence of small-scale industrial units, including those involved in textile processing and chemical manufacturing, adds to localized pollution sources. The relatively flat terrain surrounding Delvāda, combined with its location within a broader industrial belt, can lead to the accumulation of pollutants, especially when wind speeds are low, impacting air quality and public health.

Delvāda’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional meteorology and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural burning of crop residue after the harvest of winter crops significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flushing out pollutants. Humidity also rises, which can affect respiratory comfort. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, and a resurgence of agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the next planting cycle, again impacting air quality. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, with occasional fog formation. Fog traps pollutants near the ground, creating localized episodes of reduced visibility and elevated particulate concentrations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor exertion and wearing appropriate masks. During periods of fog, indoor air quality can also be compromised, necessitating ventilation and air purification measures. The monsoon offers the most favourable period for outdoor activities, while the winter months require vigilance regarding localized pollution events.