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Dhandhuka, a town nestled in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader landscape of western India. Located at approximately 22.37°N, 71.98°E, its coordinates place it on a relatively flat terrain, characteristic of the Gujarat plains. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, a patchwork of fields cultivating cotton, pulses, and groundnuts, contributing to seasonal dust and biomass burning. Dhandhuka sits on the edge of an urban–rural gradient, experiencing increasing influence from the sprawling Ahmedabad metropolitan area to the north. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the town benefits from proximity to the Sabarmati River basin, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The elevation is low, averaging around 28 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate the trapping of pollutants during temperature inversions. The town’s location within a region experiencing rapid industrial growth, particularly in the textile and chemical sectors concentrated around Ahmedabad, means Dhandhuka is susceptible to downwind pollution transport. The prevailing winds often carry industrial emissions and agricultural dust, impacting local air quality. The relatively open terrain, while allowing for some dispersion, also means that pollutants are not easily contained, and the lack of significant topographical barriers contributes to widespread exposure. The surrounding area is largely rural, with small villages and agricultural land, meaning that agricultural practices and seasonal burning significantly influence the local atmospheric composition.

Dhandhuka’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Gujarat’s climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. High temperatures and minimal rainfall create stable atmospheric conditions, frequently leading to temperature inversions where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing pollutants from dispersing. Agricultural burning, a common practice to clear fields for the next planting season, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings relief, with increased rainfall washing away pollutants and strong winds dispersing accumulated emissions. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to localised flooding and associated waterborne illnesses. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, with a resurgence of dust and agricultural burning, though generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter (December-February) is generally the most pleasant time for outdoor activities, with cooler temperatures and more frequent wind patterns aiding in pollutant dispersion. However, fog, particularly in December and January, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localised pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor exposure and wearing appropriate masks. During periods of heavy fog, even healthy individuals should consider reducing strenuous outdoor activity.