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Dhāri, nestled in the Surendranagar district of Gujarat, India (21.3261° N, 71.0272° E), occupies a geographically significant position within the Thar Desert's periphery. The city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Gujarat plains, with an average elevation of approximately 65 meters above sea level. This low elevation, combined with the surrounding arid landscape of sand dunes and scrubland, contributes to a unique microclimate that can exacerbate air quality challenges. Dhāri’s location is approximately 150 kilometers from Ahmedabad, Gujarat’s major industrial hub, placing it within the sphere of influence of regional pollution sources. The city is not directly adjacent to any major river or lake, limiting natural air purification processes through precipitation and evaporative cooling. The surrounding region is a mix of agricultural land, primarily cultivating cotton and pulses, and sparsely populated rural settlements. This urban–rural gradient means that agricultural practices, including stubble burning after harvest, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution. Furthermore, the proximity to industrial belts in Ahmedabad and other nearby towns means that Dhāri is susceptible to the advection of pollutants carried by prevailing winds. The relatively open landscape, while offering some dispersal potential, also means that pollutants are not easily trapped by topographic features, potentially leading to widespread, albeit less concentrated, air quality issues. The arid climate, with low humidity and frequent dust storms, further complicates the air quality picture.

Dhāri’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the region’s climate. The dry season, spanning roughly October to May, presents the most significant air quality concerns. During these months, low humidity and minimal rainfall create an environment where pollutants linger and accumulate. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler evenings and mornings, trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying their impact. Agricultural practices, particularly post-harvest stubble burning, are a major contributor to particulate matter pollution during November and December. The winds, often light and variable during this period, offer limited dispersal. January and February often experience dense fog, further reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. The monsoon season, from June to September, brings a welcome respite. Increased rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and higher wind speeds facilitate their dispersal. However, the onset of the monsoon can also bring dust storms, temporarily degrading air quality. The summer months (April-May) are characterized by high temperatures and dry winds, which can exacerbate the effects of existing pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of stubble burning and fog. Outdoor activities are generally best avoided during the early morning and late evening hours when temperature inversions are most prevalent. Staying indoors with air purifiers and wearing appropriate masks can offer some protection during periods of elevated pollution.