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Dīsa, a city nestled in the Banaskantha district of Gujarat, India, occupies a unique geographic position within the state. Located at 24.2501°N, 72.1822°E, the city sits on the northern periphery of Gujarat, bordering Rajasthan. The terrain is largely characterised by undulating plains and low-lying hills, part of the Aravalli Range’s foothills, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. Dīsa’s elevation is relatively low, contributing to potential temperature inversions, particularly during winter months. The city isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Banas River flows nearby, impacting local humidity and microclimates. Surrounding Dīsa is a predominantly agricultural landscape, with significant cultivation of cotton, wheat, and pulses. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal biomass burning, a key source of particulate matter. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Dīsa serves as a market and service centre for numerous surrounding villages. Industrial activity is limited but growing, with small-scale textile and agro-processing units. The city’s location within a broad valley can trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues, especially when regional winds are calm. The proximity to Rajasthan also means it can be affected by dust storms originating in that state, further degrading air quality.

Dīsa experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its tropical monsoon climate. The post-monsoon period (October-November) often sees a peak in pollution due to stagnant air, cooler temperatures promoting inversions, and the widespread burning of agricultural residue after the harvest. This is a period to limit strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. Winter (December-February) brings consistently poor air quality, with low wind speeds and frequent temperature inversions trapping pollutants near the ground. Fog can also exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) witness rising temperatures and dust storms, leading to increased levels of coarse particulate matter. Avoiding prolonged outdoor exposure during dust events is crucial. The monsoon season (June-September) generally offers the cleanest air, as rainfall effectively washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can also contribute to localised temperature inversions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular illnesses – should be particularly cautious during the post-monsoon and winter months, considering indoor activities and using air purification where possible.