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Kadod, a small town nestled in the Surendranagar district of Gujarat, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader landscape of western India. Located at approximately 21.2180° N latitude and 73.2200° E longitude, Kadod sits on a relatively flat terrain characteristic of the Gujarat plains, an area largely shaped by alluvial deposits from the now-reduced Saraswati River system. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with vast stretches of cotton, groundnut, and wheat fields defining the rural character. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones contributes to seasonal particulate matter pollution, stemming from crop residue burning practices common in the region. Kadod’s elevation is low, around 120 meters above sea level, which, combined with its flat topography, limits natural air circulation and can exacerbate pollution episodes. The town is not directly adjacent to any major river or lake, reducing the potential for evaporative cooling and atmospheric cleansing. It lies within a transitional zone between the arid Thar Desert to the northwest and the more fertile plains of central Gujarat. The urban–rural gradient around Kadod is gradual, with smaller villages and agricultural holdings blending seamlessly into the town’s periphery. The nearest significant industrial belt is located further east, towards Ahmedabad, but transportation corridors connecting these areas pass near Kadod, potentially introducing pollutants from vehicular emissions and industrial activities. The regional climate, characterized by hot summers and relatively mild winters, influences atmospheric stability and the dispersion of pollutants, often leading to stagnant air conditions during certain periods.

Kadod’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional weather patterns and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the worst air quality, driven by intense heat, stagnant air, and widespread crop residue burning following the harvest of winter crops. Temperature inversions are common during this period, trapping pollutants close to the ground. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and wind speeds effectively flushing out accumulated pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased humidity and the formation of secondary pollutants. The post-monsoon season (October-November) sees a gradual return to poorer air quality as agricultural burning resumes, although generally less intense than in the pre-monsoon period. Winter months (December-February) are generally cooler, but fog formation can significantly reduce visibility and trap pollutants, creating localized air quality challenges. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, those with pollen allergies should remain vigilant. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution burden, making periods immediately after harvest particularly concerning. Public health advisories regarding outdoor exposure are most critical in March and November, coinciding with the peak burning seasons. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can offer some protection during periods of elevated pollution.