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Kalol, Gujarat, situated at approximately 23.2460° N, 72.4960° E, occupies a strategically important position within the broader Saurashtra region of India. The city’s geography is characterized by a gently undulating terrain, part of the Gujarat Plains, with elevations rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level. This low-lying landscape contributes to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Kalol lies within a predominantly agricultural belt, surrounded by fertile land used for cotton, groundnut, and wheat cultivation. This proximity to intensive farming practices introduces agricultural emissions, including ammonia and particulate matter from fertilizer application and crop residue burning, which significantly impact local air quality. To the east, the landscape gradually transitions to drier scrubland, while to the west, it merges with the urban sprawl of Ahmedabad, a major industrial and commercial hub. This adjacency to Ahmedabad exposes Kalol to pollutants transported from the larger city, further compounding local challenges. The lack of significant bodies of water within immediate proximity limits natural air purification processes. The urban–rural gradient around Kalol is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a node connecting rural agricultural areas to the industrial and economic opportunities of Ahmedabad. The flat topography and prevailing wind patterns often result in pollutants being trapped and concentrated within the city limits, especially during cooler months when temperature inversions are more frequent.

Kalol’s air quality exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Gujarat’s climate. The dry, cooler months (October to February) typically experience the poorest air quality. Temperature inversions, common during this period, trap pollutants close to the ground, exacerbating the impact of agricultural burning, particularly in November and December as farmers clear crop residue. Dust storms, originating from the Thar Desert to the northwest, also contribute significantly to particulate matter levels. January and February often see dense fog, further reducing visibility and hindering pollutant dispersion. The monsoon season (June to September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flushing out pollutants. However, even during the monsoon, localized pollution from construction activities and vehicular emissions persists. The pre-monsoon period (March to May) is characterized by rising temperatures and increased dust, leading to a gradual deterioration in air quality. Hotter temperatures also promote the formation of ground-level ozone, a secondary pollutant. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry winter months, limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding peak pollution episodes. During the monsoon, while overall air quality improves, those with pollen allergies should remain vigilant. The agricultural cycle significantly influences air quality, with peak pollution coinciding with harvest seasons. Careful agricultural practices, such as reduced burning and optimized fertilizer use, are crucial for mitigating the impact on Kalol’s air.