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Mahudha, a municipality in the Kheda district of Gujarat, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of much of the state’s central region. Located at 22.8200°N latitude and 72.9300°E longitude, the city sits within the broader Indo-Gangetic Plain, though its specific location is influenced by the undulating topography leading towards the Gulf of Khambhat to the west. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by fields of cotton, wheat, and other crops, interspersed with scattered rural settlements. Mahudha’s elevation is low, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion of pollutants. While not directly on the coast, its proximity to the Gulf of Khambhat introduces maritime influences, including humidity and occasional sea breezes. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; Mahudha serves as a market and service centre for the surrounding agricultural communities. Industrial activity is limited within the city itself, but regional industrial belts exist further north towards Ahmedabad and Vadodara, potentially contributing to background pollution levels. Dust from agricultural practices and unpaved roads is a significant local source of particulate matter. The city’s geographical position, combined with prevailing wind patterns, can lead to pollutant accumulation during periods of calm weather.

Mahudha experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The pre-monsoon months of March to May are typically the worst for air quality. Rising temperatures create strong convective currents, lifting dust from agricultural lands and unpaved roads, while stable atmospheric conditions trap pollutants. May, before the monsoon’s arrival, is particularly challenging. The southwest monsoon, arriving in June, brings significant relief, washing away pollutants and increasing humidity, which suppresses dust. Air quality generally remains favourable throughout the monsoon season (June-September). However, the post-monsoon period (October-November) sees a resurgence of pollution. Reduced rainfall allows dust to accumulate, and cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Diwali celebrations in October/November further exacerbate the situation with firecracker emissions. Winter months (December-February) see relatively stable air quality, though calm conditions can still lead to localised pollution build-up. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Monitoring local conditions and using respiratory protection when necessary is advised.