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Nāndod, a municipality in the Bharuch district of Gujarat, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain typical of the coastal plains of the state. Situated at coordinates 21.8706°N, 73.5028°E, the city benefits from proximity to the Narmada River, a crucial waterway for irrigation and transport, though also a potential pathway for pollutant dispersion. The surrounding landscape is a mix of agricultural land, primarily cultivating rice, sugarcane, and cotton, alongside burgeoning industrial activity concentrated around Bharuch and Ankleshwar, both significant chemical and pharmaceutical hubs. Nāndod itself represents a transitional zone within this urban-rural gradient, experiencing increasing urbanisation while retaining a strong agricultural base. This proximity to industrial zones is a key determinant of its air quality. The gentle slope towards the Gulf of Khambhat influences local wind patterns, often trapping pollutants during calmer periods. The region’s climate is tropical monsoon, with distinct wet and dry seasons. Dust from agricultural practices, particularly during land preparation and harvest, contributes to particulate matter pollution, while industrial emissions represent a more consistent source of concern. The city’s relatively small size means pollution sources have a concentrated impact on the local population.

Nāndod’s air quality follows a predictable seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and prevailing winds. The post-monsoon months, October to November, often see a temporary improvement as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants. However, this is short-lived. The winter months, December to February, are typically the most polluted. Cooler temperatures lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, and reduced wind speeds hinder dispersion. Agricultural burning, though officially restricted, still occurs during this period, exacerbating particulate matter levels. The pre-monsoon months, March to May, witness rising temperatures and dust storms, further degrading air quality. The intense heat creates unstable atmospheric conditions, but wind speeds are often insufficient to fully clear pollutants. The monsoon season, June to September, brings relief through rainfall, effectively cleansing the air. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of secondary pollutants. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter and pre-monsoon periods. Monitoring local conditions and avoiding peak pollution times is crucial. Staying indoors with air purification systems during high-pollution days is recommended.