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Okha, a coastal city in Gujarat, India, situated at 22.4667°N, 69.0667°E, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located on the Gulf of Kutch, the Arabian Sea directly impacts the city’s climate and pollutant dispersion. The terrain is relatively flat, typical of the coastal Gujarat plains, with an elevation close to sea level, making it vulnerable to tidal influences and storm surges. Okha’s urban character is defined by its port, a significant hub for trade and fishing, and a growing population of 62,052. Surrounding the city are expanses of salt flats, agricultural lands cultivating cotton and groundnuts, and sparse vegetation. The proximity to the industrial belt of Jamnagar, approximately 130km to the north, introduces potential long-range pollutant transport. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from the bustling port area to the more open agricultural landscapes. Sea breezes play a crucial role in ventilation, but can also trap pollutants under certain atmospheric conditions. Dust storms originating from the arid regions of Rajasthan, carried by prevailing winds, contribute to particulate matter concentrations. The coastal location means higher humidity and salt spray, potentially affecting the composition of airborne particles and corrosion of infrastructure.

Okha’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. The post-monsoon months (October-November) often see a temporary improvement due to rainfall washing away accumulated pollutants, but this is short-lived. Winter (December-February) brings cooler temperatures and increased temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly from local industries and vehicular emissions. Calm wind conditions exacerbate this, leading to poorer air quality. The summer months (March-May) are characterised by intense heat and strong winds, which can initially disperse pollutants, but also stir up dust from the surrounding salt flats and agricultural lands, increasing particulate matter. The pre-monsoon season (June-September) is dominated by the southwest monsoon. While the monsoon rains offer significant cleansing, the increased humidity can promote the formation of secondary pollutants. August and September, while wet, can experience localised pollution from stagnant water and increased biological activity. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter mornings and summer afternoons. Monitoring wind direction and avoiding peak traffic hours are advisable throughout the year.