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Sihor, a historic town nestled in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, India, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Saurashtra peninsula. Located at approximately 21.7°N, 71.97°E, the town sits on a gently undulating terrain, part of the Gujarat Plains, characterized by fertile alluvial soil deposited by the erstwhile Bhadar River. While the Bhadar now largely flows further east, its historical presence has shaped the landscape and agricultural practices of the region. Sihor’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to a tendency for pollutants to accumulate under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly rural, a patchwork of agricultural fields cultivating cotton, groundnuts, and pulses, interspersed with small villages. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, can contribute to seasonal particulate matter pollution, particularly during harvest periods when stubble burning is practiced. To the east, the landscape gradually transitions to more arid scrubland. The urban–rural gradient around Sihor is relatively smooth; the town itself is compact, with a discernible core and expanding periphery. Its proximity to the industrial belt of Dholera Special Investment Region, though not immediately adjacent, means that long-range transport of pollutants is a potential factor. The lack of significant natural barriers, such as high mountain ranges, allows for easier dispersion of pollutants, but also means that regional air quality events can impact Sihor. The relatively flat terrain and limited natural ventilation exacerbate the potential for stagnant air masses, especially during cooler months.

Sihor’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by Gujarat’s climate. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures and decreasing wind speeds create stable atmospheric conditions, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants near the ground. Agricultural practices, including residue burning after harvest, significantly contribute to particulate matter during this period. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and stronger winds effectively flushing out pollutants. Humidity also rises, which can affect respiratory comfort. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to less favourable conditions. While rainfall decreases, the winds remain relatively strong, but the accumulation of agricultural waste and the onset of cooler temperatures can lead to localized pollution episodes. Winter (December-February) is characterized by cooler temperatures and frequently foggy conditions, particularly in the early morning. Fog significantly reduces visibility and traps pollutants, creating a stagnant air mass. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, especially during foggy mornings. During the pre-monsoon and winter months, it’s advisable to monitor local air quality reports and consider using air purifiers indoors. Maintaining good ventilation and avoiding exposure to smoke from cooking fires or burning waste are also crucial preventative measures. The agricultural cycle dictates much of the pollution pattern, making awareness of harvest times vital for public health.