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Unjha, Gujarat, situated at approximately 23.8°N, 72.4°E, occupies a geographically significant position within the Saurashtra region of western India. The city’s terrain is predominantly characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Gujarat plateau, with an average elevation of around 150 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation, combined with its inland location, contributes to specific air quality challenges. Unjha lies within a predominantly agricultural landscape, surrounded by fertile fields cultivated with crops like cumin, castor, and groundnut – key contributors to the region’s economy. The surrounding landscape is largely rural, transitioning gradually to more urbanized areas further east towards major cities like Ahmedabad. This urban–rural gradient influences local wind patterns and pollutant dispersal. While Unjha is not directly adjacent to any major river or lake, the seasonal rainfall from the southwest monsoon does impact humidity levels and atmospheric stability. The proximity to industrial belts in Ahmedabad and other nearby cities means that Unjha can be susceptible to the advection of pollutants from those sources, particularly during periods of lower wind speeds. The city’s urban character is primarily defined by its role as a major trading hub for cumin, with a bustling wholesale market attracting traders and visitors from across India. This commercial activity, alongside local transportation, contributes to localized pollution sources. The flat terrain and limited natural barriers exacerbate the potential for pollutant accumulation, especially during periods of stagnant air.

Unjha’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle heavily influenced by regional meteorology and agricultural practices. The pre-monsoon season (March-May) typically witnesses the poorest air quality. Rising temperatures lead to increased ground-level ozone formation, exacerbated by agricultural burning of crop residue after harvest. This practice, while economically important for farmers, releases significant particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. The summer months are also characterized by calm wind conditions, promoting pollutant accumulation. The monsoon season (June-September) brings a welcome respite, with increased rainfall and stronger winds dispersing pollutants. The high humidity, however, can sometimes trap moisture and contribute to localized fog, which can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the ground. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a gradual return to drier conditions, and a resurgence of agricultural burning, leading to another period of elevated pollution. Winter (December-February) generally offers the best air quality, with cooler temperatures and more frequent wind events. However, fog events, particularly in December and January, can significantly degrade air quality by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, limiting outdoor exertion and monitoring for respiratory symptoms. During periods of fog, it is advisable to wear masks and avoid prolonged exposure to the outdoors. Public health advisories are often issued during peak pollution periods, recommending reduced outdoor activity and the use of air purifiers.