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Viramgām, a city nestled within the state of Gujarat, India, occupies a relatively flat terrain at approximately 23.1200°N latitude and 72.0300°E longitude. Its location within the broader Gujarat plains, a region historically shaped by alluvial deposits from rivers originating in the Aravalli Range, contributes to fertile agricultural lands surrounding the urban centre. The city’s elevation is low, typical of the region, influencing atmospheric circulation patterns. Viramgām is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though the Gulf of Khambhat lies to the west, its influence on local weather patterns being more indirect. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with significant cultivation of cotton, wheat, and groundnuts. Increasingly, however, the region is experiencing industrial development, particularly related to textiles and agro-processing, creating localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with agricultural activity dominating immediately outside the city limits. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces seasonal biomass burning, a key factor in local air quality. The city’s position within a relatively sheltered area can also contribute to the trapping of pollutants, especially during periods of low wind speed. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Viramgām.

Viramgām’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern heavily influenced by the monsoon and post-monsoon periods. The summer months (March to May) see a build-up of particulate matter due to dust storms originating from the arid regions of Rajasthan and Gujarat, coupled with increased industrial activity before the onset of the intense heat. This period is generally unfavourable for outdoor activity, particularly for those with respiratory conditions. The monsoon season (June to September) brings a temporary respite, with rainfall effectively washing away pollutants and suppressing dust. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, impacting indoor air quality. Post-monsoon (October to November) is often the worst period, as calm winds and temperature inversions trap pollutants from agricultural stubble burning – a widespread practice to clear fields for the next planting season – and Diwali celebrations. December to February offers relatively cleaner air, with cooler temperatures and moderate winds dispersing pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory or cardiovascular diseases, should limit outdoor exposure during the summer and post-monsoon seasons. Monitoring wind patterns and avoiding peak pollution times are crucial for protecting public health.