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Bandar-e Būshehr, situated on the Persian Gulf coast in Būshehr Province, Iran, is a port city deeply intertwined with its maritime environment. Located at approximately 28.93°N latitude and 50.85°E longitude, the city occupies a relatively flat coastal plain, with elevations rarely exceeding 50 meters. This low-lying terrain makes it particularly vulnerable to dust storms originating from the interior deserts of Iran and neighbouring countries. The surrounding landscape is characterized by arid and semi-arid conditions, transitioning into the vast Dasht-e Azadegan desert further inland. Būshehr’s position as a major port facilitates significant industrial activity, including petrochemical facilities, shipbuilding, and oil terminals, concentrated along the coastline. These industries contribute to localised pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural lands – primarily date palm groves – extending inland, but quickly giving way to barren landscapes. The Persian Gulf exerts a strong influence on the local climate, moderating temperatures but also contributing to high humidity and salt spray. This coastal location, combined with prevailing winds, dictates the dispersion patterns of pollutants, often trapping them during periods of calm weather. The city’s air quality is therefore a complex interplay of regional dust, industrial emissions, and maritime influences.

Bandar-e Būshehr experiences a hot, arid climate with significant seasonal variations in air quality. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and humidity, often accompanied by *shamal* winds carrying dust and sand from the Arabian Peninsula and interior deserts, significantly degrading air quality. These dust storms are most frequent during this period, impacting visibility and respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite with cooler temperatures and reduced dust, though occasional wind events can still stir up particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is relatively mild, with the lowest pollution levels due to increased rainfall which helps to cleanse the atmosphere and stronger northerly winds dispersing pollutants. However, temperature inversions can occur, trapping pollutants near the ground. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual increase in temperatures and the return of dust activity as the *shamal* winds resume. The period between March and May is often considered the least favourable for outdoor activity for those with respiratory sensitivities. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor exertion during summer and spring months, and consider using air purifiers indoors when dust storm warnings are issued. Monitoring wind patterns and staying informed about local weather forecasts is crucial for managing exposure.