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Bandar-e Genāveh, situated in Būshehr Province, Iran, is a port city strategically positioned on the northern coast of the Persian Gulf, at coordinates 29.5808° N, 50.5172° E. The city’s geography is defined by its low-lying coastal plain, with an elevation barely above sea level, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is predominantly arid and semi-arid, characterized by sandy deserts and salt flats inland, transitioning to the coastal waters of the Gulf. Bandar-e Genāveh’s urban character is that of a developing port, supporting petrochemical industries and fishing activities. The proximity to the Persian Gulf introduces significant humidity and salt spray, impacting local corrosion and potentially influencing aerosol formation. The region experiences a strong urban-rural gradient, with agricultural lands to the north and west, though these are limited by water scarcity. Industrial activity concentrated around the port and associated infrastructure is a key factor influencing local air quality. Dust storms originating from the interior deserts are frequent, exacerbating particulate matter concentrations. The terrain offers little topographic shielding from prevailing winds, meaning pollutants can accumulate or be rapidly transported depending on weather patterns. This coastal location makes the city particularly vulnerable to marine air masses and associated pollutants.

Bandar-e Genāveh experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its subtropical climate. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat and humidity, often accompanied by *shamal* winds carrying dust and sand from the Arabian Peninsula, significantly elevating particulate matter levels. Temperature inversions, common during these calm summer nights, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual improvement as winds shift and dust storm frequency decreases, though lingering heat can still contribute to ozone formation. Winter (December-February) is generally the period of best air quality, with cooler temperatures and increased precipitation washing away pollutants, though occasional cold air outbreaks can lead to stagnant conditions. Spring (March-May) marks a transition period, with increasing temperatures and the potential for dust storms to return. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during the summer and spring months. The months of December and January generally offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor activities. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west and southwest often bring cleaner air, while those from the northwest and north can carry desert dust. Local petrochemical facilities contribute to baseline pollution levels year-round.