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Jam, located in Būshehr Province, southwestern Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within the Persian Gulf region. Situated at coordinates 27.8211° N, 52.3306° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the Khuzestan–Būshehr plain, a low-lying coastal area. Its proximity to the Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf) exerts a considerable influence on the local climate and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mix of arid plains and scattered date palm groves, reflecting the region’s reliance on irrigation agriculture. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the small urban core of Jam to agricultural lands and eventually to the expansive desert landscapes further inland. While Jam itself is relatively small, its regional position places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated in larger cities like Būshehr and Bandar-e Imam Khomeini, though the direct impact is lessened by distance. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Gulf, can carry pollutants inland, particularly during periods of calm weather. The elevation of Jam is very low, contributing to potential temperature inversions, especially during cooler months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The soil composition, largely sandy and saline, also influences dust generation, a recurring factor in air quality challenges. The city’s limited green spaces further exacerbate the potential for poor air quality, as vegetation plays a crucial role in pollutant absorption and dispersal.

Jam’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its subtropical climate and proximity to the Persian Gulf. The hot, humid summers (May-September) are characterized by stagnant air conditions and high temperatures, often leading to the formation of temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants released from local sources and those carried by winds from surrounding industrial areas. The high humidity can also contribute to the formation of photochemical smog, although the intensity is generally lower than in more northerly, continental cities. Dust storms, originating from the deserts to the east, are frequent during the summer months, significantly degrading air quality and posing respiratory hazards. The transition seasons (October-November and March-April) offer slightly improved conditions, with increased wind speeds helping to disperse pollutants. Winters (December-February) are generally the most favourable period for air quality, although occasional cold snaps can trigger localized temperature inversions and fog, temporarily reducing visibility and trapping pollutants. During these periods, the humidity is lower, but the cooler temperatures can still exacerbate respiratory issues for vulnerable populations. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of high dust or stagnant air, particularly during the summer months. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also recommended throughout the year, but especially during peak pollution periods.