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Arakvāz-e Malekshāhī, nestled within Īlām Province in western Iran, occupies a geographically challenging position within the Zagros Mountains. The city’s coordinates (33.3847° N, 46.5997° E) place it at a significant elevation, contributing to a cooler climate and complex atmospheric conditions. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged, folded mountains and steep valleys, typical of the Zagros range. This terrain significantly influences air circulation, often trapping pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. Arakvāz-e Malekshāhī isn’t proximate to major bodies of water; instead, it relies on seasonal rainfall and snowmelt from the mountains. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, with the city itself being relatively small (population ~11,977) and surrounded by sparsely populated, agricultural lands and mountainous terrain. While not a major industrial hub, regional oil extraction and processing activities, coupled with agricultural practices like potential burning of crop residue, contribute to baseline pollution levels. Dust storms originating from the arid regions further west and southwest are a recurring issue, impacting air quality. The city’s location within a valley exacerbates the impact of these dust events, limiting dispersion. The limited natural ventilation, combined with the topography, creates a microclimate prone to pollutant accumulation.

Air quality in Arakvāz-e Malekshāhī exhibits a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) often sees a temporary improvement as increased precipitation washes away accumulated particulate matter, though pollen counts can be high, impacting respiratory health. Summers (June-August) are typically drier, with higher temperatures potentially leading to increased ozone formation, particularly if precursor pollutants are present. However, wind patterns can offer some relief, dispersing pollutants. Autumn (September-November) is often the most challenging period. Decreasing rainfall and temperature inversions, common in the mountainous terrain, trap pollutants close to the ground. Dust storms from regional arid lands are also frequent during this time. Winter (December-February) brings cold temperatures and potential for snow, which can initially improve air quality by scavenging pollutants, but also leads to increased reliance on combustion for heating, raising particulate matter levels. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor exposure are October and November. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west and southwest often carry dust. Staying indoors during dust storms and using air purifiers are recommended.