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Eyvān, situated in the Īlām province of western Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within the Zagros Mountains. Located at approximately 33.83° N, 46.31° E and an elevation of roughly 730 meters (2,400 feet) above sea level, the city’s terrain is characterized by steep slopes and valleys, typical of the mountainous region. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged hills and agricultural plains, a mosaic of cultivated fields and scattered villages. The city sits near the confluence of the Ab-e-Heydar and the Eyvān rivers, providing a limited but vital source of freshwater and influencing local microclimates. While not directly adjacent to a major body of water, the presence of these rivers contributes to localized humidity. Eyvān’s regional position is crucial; it lies along historical trade routes and is a gateway to the Kurdish regions of Iraq. This has historically led to some commercial activity, though the city’s economy is primarily agricultural, with cultivation of grains, fruits, and vegetables. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into agricultural land and then into the steeper, more remote mountainous terrain. This topography significantly impacts air quality; the surrounding mountains can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind, while the agricultural zones contribute to seasonal particulate matter from farming practices. The limited industrial presence, primarily small-scale workshops, generally contributes less to overall pollution than the natural and agricultural factors.

Eyvān experiences a distinct Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The summer months (June-August) are typically characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall, leading to stagnant air conditions. The intense solar radiation promotes photochemical smog formation, although the relatively low population density mitigates this somewhat. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating any existing issues. Autumn (September-November) brings a gradual shift, with increased rainfall and cooler temperatures, generally improving air quality. However, agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding rural areas to clear fields for the next planting season, can significantly elevate particulate matter levels during this period. Winter (December-February) is the wettest season, with frequent rainfall helping to cleanse the atmosphere. Fog, however, can also form in the valleys, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Spring (March-May) sees a resurgence of agricultural activity, and while rainfall remains moderate, the combination of warming temperatures and renewed farming practices can lead to fluctuating air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the summer months and during periods of agricultural burning in autumn. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wetter winter and spring months, though fog can still pose a risk. The interplay of temperature, wind patterns, and agricultural practices dictates the seasonal air quality narrative in Eyvān.