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Ferdows, nestled within the Khorāsān-e Jonūbī province of Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the eastern part of the country. Located at coordinates 34.0192° N, 58.1731° E, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,450 meters (4,757 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively cool and dry climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rugged mountains and expansive desert plains, characteristic of the broader Iranian plateau. Ferdows is not proximate to any major bodies of water; its water resources are primarily derived from underground aquifers and seasonal rainfall. The urban character of Ferdows is typical of a regional Iranian city, exhibiting a blend of traditional architecture and more modern developments. The city serves as a crucial agricultural hub, particularly for pistachio cultivation, with extensive orchards surrounding the urban core. This agricultural activity, alongside smaller-scale industrial operations, contributes to localized pollution sources. The urban-rural gradient is sharply defined, transitioning quickly from the denser city center to sparsely populated agricultural lands and then to the vast, arid desert. This topography and land use pattern influence air circulation and pollutant dispersion, often trapping emissions during stable atmospheric conditions. The prevailing winds, generally from the west and northwest, can transport pollutants from regional sources, impacting local air quality.

Ferdows experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by its continental climate. Spring (March-May) brings moderate temperatures and increased wind activity, generally improving air quality after the stagnant winter months, though dust storms originating from the surrounding deserts can significantly degrade conditions, particularly in March and April. Summer (June-August) is characterized by intense heat and dry conditions. While winds can be strong, they often carry dust and particulate matter, leading to elevated levels of airborne particles. Temperature inversions, common during the calm summer nights, trap pollutants near the ground. Autumn (September-November) offers the most favourable air quality, with cooler temperatures, increased precipitation, and more consistent wind patterns that effectively disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning of pistachio shells after harvest in October and November can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Winter (December-February) is typically the period of poorest air quality. Cold temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions promote temperature inversions, trapping emissions from domestic heating (often wood and coal) and vehicle exhaust. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during these months. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor exposure are December, January, and potentially March/April during dust storm events.