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Nehbandān, nestled in the southeastern reaches of Khorāsān-e Jonūbī province, Iran, occupies a geographically significant position within the Lut Desert region. Located at approximately 31.54° N, 60.04° E and an elevation of roughly 1,570 meters (5,150 feet) above sea level, the city experiences a high-altitude desert climate. The surrounding landscape is dominated by vast stretches of arid plains and rugged, wind-sculpted mountains, characteristic of the Lut Desert’s unique geological formations. This terrain significantly influences local air circulation patterns. The city’s proximity to the Lut Desert, a UNESCO World Heritage site, means it’s subject to intense solar radiation and minimal precipitation, contributing to dry atmospheric conditions. While Nehbandān lacks immediate access to large bodies of water, the distant Hamūn Basin, a vital wetland ecosystem, plays a role in regional weather systems, though its direct impact on Nehbandān’s air quality is limited. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the small city center to sparsely populated agricultural areas, primarily focused on date palm cultivation and limited rain-fed farming. The region’s economy is a mix of agriculture and small-scale industries, including brick kilns and workshops, which can contribute to localized air pollution. The prevailing winds, often originating from the Lut Desert, carry dust and sand, impacting visibility and air quality. Topography creates localized valleys where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of calm weather, exacerbating air quality challenges. The city’s isolation and desert environment create a unique set of conditions affecting atmospheric processes.

Nehbandān’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its desert climate and meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) typically sees a slight improvement in air quality as temperatures moderate and occasional rainfall helps to settle dust. However, strong winds associated with spring storms can also exacerbate particulate matter pollution. Summer (June-August) is characterized by intense heat and minimal precipitation, leading to stagnant air and a build-up of pollutants from local sources. Temperature inversions, common during summer nights, trap pollutants near the ground, potentially impacting respiratory health. Autumn (September-November) often brings the worst air quality, coinciding with the peak of dust storm activity originating from the Lut Desert and surrounding regions. These storms can significantly reduce visibility and increase particulate matter concentrations. Winter (December-February) generally offers the best air quality, although cold temperatures can lead to increased use of heating appliances, contributing to localized pollution. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during dust storm events and periods of stagnant air, particularly in the summer and autumn. Staying indoors with windows closed and using air purifiers can help mitigate exposure. Hydration is crucial during periods of high dust, and wearing masks can provide some protection against particulate matter.