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Qā’en, nestled in the southeastern province of Khorāsān-e Jonūbī, Iran, occupies a geographically complex position within a vast, arid landscape. Situated at approximately 33.73°N, 59.18°E and an elevation of roughly 1,550 meters (5,085 feet) above sea level, the city benefits from a relatively cool climate compared to lower-lying regions of Iran. The surrounding terrain is dominated by the Lut Desert, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its dramatic yardangs and extreme temperatures, contributing to a unique microclimate. Qā’en lies on the edge of this desert, experiencing its influence in terms of dust storms and dry air. The city’s urban character is characterized by a mix of traditional Iranian architecture and modern development, reflecting its role as a regional trade and agricultural hub. The urban–rural gradient transitions quickly from the city center to agricultural lands primarily focused on fruits and grains, interspersed with scattered rural settlements. While Qā’en is not directly adjacent to a major river, groundwater resources are utilized for irrigation. The proximity to the Lut Desert significantly impacts air quality; frequent dust intrusions are a defining feature. Furthermore, the region’s industrial activity, centered around mining (particularly iron ore) and limited manufacturing, contributes localized pollution sources. The prevailing winds, often originating from the east, can carry pollutants from these sources and the desert, impacting air quality within the city and surrounding areas. The elevated location also influences atmospheric stability, occasionally leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants.

Qā’en’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its climate and regional geography. The dry season, spanning from late spring through autumn (roughly May to November), is typically characterized by increased dust intrusion from the nearby Lut Desert. Strong, persistent winds during these months lift fine particulate matter, significantly reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler months (October-February), trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly in the mornings. Summer (June-August) brings intense heat, which can exacerbate the effects of existing pollutants and contribute to ozone formation, although the increased atmospheric mixing can sometimes disperse pollutants. The brief, mild winter (December-February) offers a slight respite, with calmer winds and occasional rainfall helping to cleanse the air. However, cold temperatures can also lead to increased use of heating fuels, contributing to localized pollution. Spring (March-April) is a transitional period, with fluctuating wind patterns and occasional dust storms. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and avoid prolonged outdoor activity during dust storm events. During periods of temperature inversion, limiting strenuous outdoor exercise is advisable. Maintaining indoor air quality through filtration and ventilation is crucial throughout the year, particularly during peak pollution periods.