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Senjān, nestled within Markazi Province, Iran, occupies a geographically significant position in the central Iranian plateau. Located at coordinates 34.0506°N, 49.6214°E, the city sits at an elevation of approximately 1,700 meters (5,577 feet), contributing to a relatively cool and dry climate. The surrounding landscape is characterised by semi-arid plains and low-lying mountains, part of the Alborz mountain range’s eastern extensions. This terrain influences air circulation, potentially trapping pollutants during periods of atmospheric stability. Senjān’s urban character is typical of a smaller Iranian city, with a developing infrastructure and a growing population of 12,249. The region is predominantly agricultural, with wheat, barley, and fruit orchards dominating the surrounding lands. While not a major industrial hub itself, Senjān’s proximity to larger industrial centres in Markazi Province, particularly Arak, means it can experience transboundary pollution. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, with agricultural lands immediately bordering the city limits. The lack of substantial natural windbreaks and the valley-like topography can exacerbate pollution build-up, especially during calm weather conditions. Dust storms originating from western and southwestern deserts also contribute to particulate matter concentrations.

Senjān experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by meteorological conditions and agricultural practices. Spring (March-May) sees increasing agricultural activity, including burning of crop residue, which elevates particulate matter levels. Winds are often variable, sometimes dispersing pollutants, other times creating localised build-ups. Summers (June-August) are typically the hottest and driest, with strong daytime heating leading to temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Dust storms are also frequent during this period, significantly worsening air quality. Autumn (September-November) offers a brief respite, with cooler temperatures and increased precipitation washing away some pollutants. However, the onset of heating season in November introduces emissions from domestic fuel burning. Winters (December-February) are cold and often foggy, exacerbating pollution from heating sources. Temperature inversions are common, trapping pollutants and leading to stagnant air conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high pollution. Avoiding outdoor exertion during peak summer heat and dust storms is also advisable. Monitoring local conditions and heeding health advisories is crucial throughout the year.