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Kahrīzak, a city within the Tehran Province of Iran, occupies a geographically complex position within the Alborz mountain range. Situated at coordinates 35.5169° N, 51.3603° E, and an elevation of approximately 1,450 meters (4,757 feet), the city’s terrain is characterised by foothills and valleys. This mountainous backdrop significantly influences local wind patterns and contributes to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. Kahrīzak is not directly adjacent to major bodies of water, but benefits from snowmelt runoff from the surrounding peaks, supporting agricultural activity in the surrounding plains. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Kahrīzak itself is a smaller urban centre, quickly transitioning to agricultural land and then rugged mountainous terrain. The proximity to Tehran, a major industrial and population centre, is a critical factor impacting Kahrīzak’s air quality. Prevailing winds often carry pollutants from the capital eastward, affecting Kahrīzak. Furthermore, local industries, though smaller in scale, contribute to emissions. The city’s location within a valley exacerbates the concentration of pollutants during periods of stagnant air. The surrounding landscape, while visually appealing, presents challenges for dispersing airborne contaminants, making Kahrīzak particularly vulnerable to air pollution episodes.

Kahrīzak experiences a distinct seasonal air quality pattern dictated by meteorological conditions. Spring (March-May) sees increasing outdoor activity coinciding with agricultural burning, contributing to particulate matter pollution. Winds are often variable, sometimes failing to adequately disperse emissions. Summers (June-August) are generally drier with higher temperatures, leading to increased ozone formation, particularly on sunny days. Temperature inversions, common in the valley, trap pollutants close to the ground. Autumn (September-November) often brings calmer conditions and increased heating demand, leading to higher emissions from domestic sources. This period can see a build-up of particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. Winters (December-February) are cold, with frequent temperature inversions and reduced sunlight, exacerbating pollution. Snowfall can temporarily cleanse the air, but also traps pollutants when it melts. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during autumn and winter. Avoid prolonged activity during peak sunshine hours in summer. March and April, while pleasant, can be problematic due to agricultural practices. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the west bring pollutants from Tehran.