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Shetpe, nestled within the Mangghystaū Region of Kazakhstan, occupies a unique geographic position on the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea. Its coordinates, 44.1667° N, 52.1167° E, place it within a semi-arid steppe environment, characterized by vast grasslands and sparse vegetation. The city’s terrain is generally flat, sloping gently towards the Caspian, an elevation of approximately 25 meters above sea level. This proximity to the sea significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the Mangghystaū Upland to the west, a geological feature that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. Shetpe’s location is strategically important as a port town, facilitating trade and transportation, but also introduces potential sources of air pollution from maritime activities and associated infrastructure. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the small, concentrated settlement of Shetpe to the expansive steppe, with scattered agricultural fields and occasional nomadic herding activities. While large-scale industrial belts are not immediately adjacent, the region’s oil and gas extraction activities, located further inland, can contribute to regional air pollution episodes transported by prevailing winds. The Caspian Sea itself, while a source of moisture, can also contribute to localized fog events, which exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants close to the ground. The city’s small population (13,346) suggests a relatively low internal pollution load, but external factors are paramount.

Shetpe’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and proximity to the Caspian Sea. Winters (December-February) are typically characterized by cold temperatures and frequent fog events, a consequence of the moisture from the Caspian meeting the cold air masses. These fogs act as a significant pollutant trap, leading to periods of reduced visibility and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter. Temperature inversions, common during winter nights, further exacerbate this issue by preventing vertical mixing of the air. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual warming and increased wind speeds, which generally disperse pollutants, leading to improved air quality. However, dust storms originating from the surrounding steppe can occasionally impact Shetpe, particularly during windy periods. Summers (June-August) are hot and relatively dry, with moderate wind speeds. While temperatures can be high, the prevailing winds usually maintain reasonable air quality. Autumn (September-November) sees a transition period with cooler temperatures and increasing humidity, which can lead to the re-emergence of fog and localized pollution episodes. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor activity on foggy days. Spring dust storms can also irritate respiratory systems, necessitating the use of masks. During the warmer months, while generally better, prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can still pose a health risk, and hydration is crucial. Monitoring local weather forecasts for fog warnings and dust storm alerts is advisable throughout the year.