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Staryy Beyneu, nestled within the Mangghystaū Region of Kazakhstan, occupies a unique and challenging geographic position. Located at 45.1834° N, 55.1000° E, the city sits on the edge of the Kyzylkum Desert, a vast expanse of arid land that significantly influences its climate and air quality. The terrain is predominantly flat, characterized by low-lying plains and sandy soils, with an elevation of approximately 15 meters above sea level. This flatness, while facilitating urban development, also contributes to the potential for stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of low wind. The city’s proximity to the Caspian Sea, roughly 250 kilometers to the west, introduces a maritime influence, though this is tempered by the desert’s dominance. Surrounding Staryy Beyneu is a mosaic of sparse vegetation, primarily desert scrub and grasses, interspersed with agricultural fields supporting cotton and wheat cultivation – a key regional industry. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city transitions quickly into the desert landscape. Industrial activity, primarily related to oil and gas extraction and processing, is present in the broader region, though the immediate vicinity of Staryy Beyneu is less heavily industrialized than other areas of Mangghystaū. The prevailing winds, often originating from the west, carry dust and sand from the desert, impacting visibility and contributing to particulate matter pollution. The lack of significant topographic barriers further exacerbates this issue, allowing pollutants to accumulate within the city’s boundaries.

Staryy Beyneu’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its arid climate and meteorological patterns. Summers (June-August) are characterized by intense heat and minimal precipitation, leading to frequent dust storms and elevated levels of particulate matter. Strong, hot winds, often laden with sand, sweep across the region, significantly reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Temperature inversions, common during calm summer nights, trap pollutants close to the ground, further degrading air quality. Spring (March-May) brings a slight improvement as winds become more frequent, dispersing pollutants, but dust storms remain a concern. Autumn (September-November) sees a gradual cooling and a decrease in dust activity, offering a period of relatively cleaner air. However, agricultural burning practices, common during harvest season, can temporarily elevate levels of smoke and other pollutants. Winters (December-February) are typically the most favorable period for air quality, with colder temperatures and occasional snowfall helping to settle dust and reduce overall pollution. Fog, however, can form under calm, cold conditions, trapping pollutants and creating localized air quality issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during summer dust storms and periods of fog. Staying indoors with air purifiers and wearing masks when venturing outside are recommended during these times. Hydration is also crucial to mitigate the effects of dry, dusty air.