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Zhetibay, nestled within the Mangghystaū Region of Kazakhstan, occupies a unique geographic position at 43.5942° N, 52.0789° E. The city’s location on the eastern edge of the Kyzylkum Desert, a vast expanse of arid land, significantly shapes its environment and, consequently, its air quality. Situated approximately 150 kilometers from the Caspian Sea, Zhetibay benefits from a semi-arid climate influenced by both continental and maritime air masses. The terrain is predominantly flat, characterized by low-lying plains and gently rolling hills, with an average elevation of around 60 meters above sea level. This flatness can exacerbate air pollution issues, limiting atmospheric dispersion. The surrounding landscape is dominated by desert scrub and sparse vegetation, offering minimal natural air filtration. While the Caspian Sea provides a distant moderating influence, its impact is less pronounced than that of the desert. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly from the city’s limited built-up area to the expansive desert, with scattered rural settlements and agricultural fields primarily focused on cotton and wheat cultivation. These agricultural practices, including fertilizer use and potential irrigation-related dust, can contribute to localized air quality concerns. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Zhetibay, but regional oil and gas infrastructure, located further afield, can occasionally influence air quality through transport emissions and potential fugitive releases. The city’s relatively small size and limited industrial activity mean that local sources, such as vehicle emissions and residential heating, are the primary drivers of air pollution.

Zhetibay’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its semi-arid climate and meteorological patterns. Winters (December-February) are typically characterized by cold temperatures and frequent temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground. This inversion layer significantly restricts vertical mixing, leading to a build-up of pollutants and reduced air quality. Dust storms, originating from the Kyzylkum Desert, are also more common during these months, further degrading air quality and posing respiratory hazards. Spring (March-May) brings a gradual warming trend and increased wind speeds, which help to disperse pollutants, leading to improved air quality. However, agricultural activities, such as plowing and fertilizer application, can temporarily elevate particulate matter levels. Summers (June-August) are hot and relatively dry, with stable atmospheric conditions that can occasionally lead to localized pollution episodes, particularly during periods of stagnant air. The lack of significant rainfall limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation. Autumn (September-November) generally offers the most favorable air quality, with moderate temperatures and consistent winds that promote pollutant dispersion. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution during winter months, limiting outdoor exposure and monitoring local air quality reports. Children and the elderly are also particularly vulnerable and should take similar precautions. During periods of dust storms, wearing a mask is recommended to minimize inhalation of particulate matter. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can also provide relief.