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Boujad, nestled within the Béni Mellal-Khénifra region of Morocco, occupies a unique geographic position in the foothills of the Atlas Mountains. Located at approximately 32.7667°N latitude and -6.4000°W longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 650 meters, influencing its climate and air quality. The surrounding landscape is characterised by rolling hills and plains, transitioning into the higher, more rugged terrain of the mountains to the south and east. Boujad isn’t directly adjacent to a major body of water, though seasonal rivers and streams flow down from the Atlas, providing irrigation for the surrounding agricultural lands. These lands, primarily dedicated to cereal crops and olive groves, contribute significantly to the local economy but also represent a potential source of particulate matter from agricultural practices like tilling and harvesting. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Boujad itself is a comparatively small city, quickly giving way to rural agricultural areas. While not a major industrial hub, smaller-scale workshops and processing facilities exist, adding to localised emissions. The valley location can trap pollutants, particularly during temperature inversions, exacerbating air quality issues. The prevailing winds, often from the west, can transport pollutants from coastal areas, while easterly winds can bring dust from the Sahara Desert.

Boujad experiences a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, profoundly impacting its air quality. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement in air quality as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants, but agricultural burning for land preparation can cause temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is typically the period of best air quality, with strong winds dispersing pollutants and minimal rainfall to trap them. However, high temperatures can promote ozone formation, a secondary pollutant. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition, with decreasing temperatures and increasing rainfall. Agricultural activities intensify, leading to increased dust and smoke. This is often the period when the first temperature inversions occur, trapping pollutants in the valley. Winter (December-February) is characterised by cooler temperatures and increased rainfall, but also a greater reliance on solid fuel for heating, particularly in residential areas. This leads to elevated levels of particulate matter and other combustion byproducts. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during autumn and winter, especially on calm, cold days. Months to favour for outdoor activity are June, July and August, but even then, monitoring local conditions is advisable.