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Douar Bni Ansar, nestled within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position at approximately 35.1586° N, 4.9128° W. The city’s location, inland from the Mediterranean coast, influences its air quality dynamics. Situated on a gently sloping terrain, Bni Ansar benefits from some natural ventilation, though its proximity to the Rif Mountains to the east creates a localized topography that can trap pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land, primarily olive groves and cereal crops, interspersed with pockets of cork oak forest, characteristic of the region’s Mediterranean climate. This agricultural activity contributes to seasonal particulate matter, particularly during harvest periods. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual; Bni Ansar is a sizable village, exhibiting a distinct rural character while still possessing some urban amenities. It’s not directly adjacent to a major industrial belt, but its regional position places it within reach of industrial activity concentrated around Tangier, approximately 40km north. The proximity to the Mediterranean Sea introduces a maritime influence, occasionally bringing in moisture and impacting local weather patterns, which in turn can affect pollutant dispersion. Elevation plays a role, with Bni Ansar sitting at a moderate altitude, influencing temperature profiles and potential for temperature inversions, especially during cooler months. The overall terrain and surrounding land use patterns contribute to a complex interplay of factors impacting air quality.

The air quality in Douar Bni Ansar follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Morocco’s Mediterranean climate. Spring (March-May) generally sees improved air quality as winds increase and temperatures rise, dispersing any accumulated pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a traditional practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, can lead to localized spikes in particulate matter during this period. Summers (June-August) are typically drier and hotter, with stable atmospheric conditions that can promote the build-up of pollutants, particularly ozone, though sea breezes offer some relief. The intense solar radiation contributes to photochemical smog formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition period. As temperatures cool, the potential for temperature inversions increases, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, especially in the mornings. Agricultural activities resume, again contributing to particulate pollution. Winter (December-February) often brings the poorest air quality. Cold, stable air masses, coupled with frequent fog and temperature inversions, significantly reduce pollutant dispersion. The combination of reduced wind speeds and cooler temperatures creates conditions conducive to the accumulation of pollutants from both local sources and long-range transport. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor exertion during these periods, particularly in the early morning hours. Increased vigilance regarding indoor air quality, through ventilation and air purification, is also advisable during the winter months.