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Gharbia, nestled within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco, is a small city positioned at approximately 35.5153°N latitude and -5.9306°W longitude. Its location is characterised by a transition zone between the fertile plains and the foothills of the Rif Mountains. The terrain is gently undulating, offering a mix of agricultural land and developing urban areas. Gharbia’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 20km distant, introduces maritime influences on its climate and, crucially, its air quality. Prevailing winds often carry moisture inland, but can also transport pollutants from the larger coastal cities and industrial activity concentrated around Tangier. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural zones, primarily focused on cereal crops and olive groves, with potential for dust emissions from tilling and harvesting. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre giving way quickly to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential for pesticide drift and ammonia emissions. The city’s elevation, relatively low-lying, contributes to the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and mitigating air quality challenges in Gharbia.

Gharbia experiences a Mediterranean climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons influencing air quality. Autumn and winter (October to February) bring increased rainfall, which can temporarily improve air quality by washing away particulate matter. However, these months also see increased use of wood and coal for heating, contributing to localised smoke pollution, particularly in residential areas. Temperature inversions are common during the cooler months, trapping pollutants close to the ground. Spring (March-May) is generally a period of improving air quality as temperatures rise and rainfall decreases, though agricultural activities begin to ramp up, potentially increasing dust and ammonia levels. Summer (June-September) is typically the driest period, with strong winds that can both disperse and concentrate pollutants depending on their origin. Dust from the Sahara Desert can occasionally reach Gharbia, significantly impacting air quality. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during these periods. The dry conditions also increase the risk of wildfires, which can contribute to smoke pollution. Overall, avoiding outdoor exertion during peak summer heat and periods of Saharan dust is advisable. Monitoring local conditions is key.