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Ksar Sghir, nestled within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco, occupies a geographically significant position along the Atlantic coast, approximately 30 kilometers southwest of Tangier. Its coordinates (35.8419, -5.5586) place it within a gently sloping coastal plain, transitioning gradually to the foothills of the Rif Mountains to the east. The city’s terrain is characterized by relatively flat land, facilitating urban expansion, but also presenting challenges regarding air circulation. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean exerts a considerable influence, moderating temperatures and introducing maritime breezes, though these can also carry moisture and, occasionally, pollutants from distant sources. Surrounding Ksar Sghir is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to cereal cultivation and olive groves, interspersed with small-scale livestock farming. This agricultural activity contributes to localized particulate matter, particularly during harvesting seasons. Further inland, the Rif Mountains act as a barrier, potentially trapping pollutants under certain meteorological conditions. The urban–rural gradient is relatively smooth, with smaller villages and agricultural settlements blending seamlessly into the city’s periphery. The absence of major heavy industries within Ksar Sghir itself mitigates some pollution risks, however, the proximity to the industrial belt around Tangier means that transboundary pollution events are a possibility. The coastal location also means that sea spray and salt deposition can impact air quality, particularly affecting respiratory health. The elevation, averaging around 20 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively stable atmospheric layer, which can exacerbate pollution episodes when coupled with unfavorable wind patterns.

Ksar Sghir’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by prevailing weather systems and agricultural practices. The dry season, spanning roughly from April to October, generally sees improved air quality due to increased wind speeds and solar radiation, which aids in pollutant dispersion. However, August and September can witness elevated particulate matter levels due to agricultural burning associated with harvest preparation. The cooler, wetter months from November to March present a different set of challenges. Temperature inversions, common during these months, trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of stagnant air and potentially poorer air quality. Fog, frequently occurring along the coast during winter, further restricts dispersion. The maritime influence moderates extreme temperature fluctuations, but also introduces moisture which can react with pollutants to form secondary aerosols. Spring (March-May) typically offers a transitional period with improving air quality as winds increase and temperatures rise. During these months, pollen levels can also become a factor for sensitive individuals. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution during the winter months, particularly on days with fog or temperature inversions. Children and the elderly are also more vulnerable and should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of stagnant air. Agricultural workers should be mindful of potential exposure to dust and smoke during harvest seasons, utilizing appropriate protective equipment when possible. Maintaining awareness of local weather forecasts and air quality reports is crucial for making informed decisions about outdoor activities throughout the year.