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Sebt Bni Garfett, nestled within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco, occupies a unique geographic position. Situated at coordinates 35.2500, -5.8333, the city is characterized by a hilly terrain, part of the Rif Mountains, influencing local wind patterns and pollutant dispersion. The elevation contributes to cooler temperatures compared to coastal areas, but also increases the potential for temperature inversions, trapping pollutants. The town is approximately 15km inland from the Mediterranean Sea, meaning maritime influences – humidity and occasional sea breezes – play a role in air quality, though less directly than in coastal cities. Surrounding Sebt Bni Garfett is a mix of agricultural land, primarily olive groves and small-scale farming, and increasingly, peri-urban development extending from larger centres like Tetouan. This agricultural activity contributes to particulate matter from dust and seasonal burning. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town itself being a concentrated area of activity amidst a predominantly rural landscape. Industrial activity is limited within Sebt Bni Garfett itself, but proximity to industrial zones further east and along the coast means long-range transport of pollutants is a factor. The topography funnels winds, creating localized areas of higher and lower ventilation, impacting pollutant concentrations.

Air quality in Sebt Bni Garfett follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement after the winter, with increased rainfall washing away accumulated pollutants, though agricultural burning can temporarily elevate particulate matter. Summer (June-August) is generally the clearest period, characterized by stable, dry conditions and consistent winds that aid dispersion, making it the most favourable time for outdoor activities. However, heatwaves can exacerbate ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) marks a transition, with decreasing temperatures and the return of rainfall, but also increased heating demands, leading to a rise in emissions from domestic sources. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants before winter storms arrive. Winter (December-February) is typically the worst period for air quality. Temperature inversions are frequent, trapping pollutants close to the ground, and reduced sunlight hinders their dispersal. Rainfall is less frequent, meaning pollutants accumulate. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. Fog, common in the Rif Mountains during winter, can also trap pollutants, worsening conditions. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as winds from the east can bring pollutants from industrial areas.