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Teroual, nestled within the Tanger-Tétouan-Al Hoceïma region of Morocco, occupies a geographically strategic position on the Atlantic coast, approximately 20 kilometers southeast of Tangier. Its coordinates (34.6667, -5.2667) place it within a gently sloping coastal plain, characterized by undulating terrain and a relatively low elevation, rarely exceeding 100 meters above sea level. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural fields – primarily olive groves and cereal crops – and pockets of Mediterranean scrubland, gradually transitioning to the foothills of the Rif Mountains to the east. This proximity to the Rif Mountains creates a complex interplay of local wind patterns, often channeling breezes from the interior towards the coast. The Atlantic Ocean exerts a significant influence, moderating temperatures and contributing to humidity levels. Teroual’s urban character is that of a small, rural-adjacent town, with a population of just over 11,000, suggesting a predominantly agricultural economy and limited industrial activity within the immediate vicinity. However, its closeness to Tangier, a major port city and industrial hub, means that Teroual is indirectly affected by pollution originating from that larger urban center. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the town quickly blending into the surrounding agricultural landscape. This coastal location, combined with the influence of the Rif Mountains and proximity to Tangier’s industrial belt, creates a unique microclimate that significantly impacts local air quality, making it susceptible to both marine influences and pollutants transported from further inland.

Teroual’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal rhythm dictated by its Mediterranean climate. The dry summer months (June-August) typically see the lowest levels of particulate matter, thanks to consistent, often strong, Atlantic breezes that effectively disperse pollutants. However, these months can also experience periods of stagnant air, particularly during heatwaves, which can trap pollutants closer to the ground. Spring (March-May) and Autumn (September-November) are transitional periods, with fluctuating wind patterns and increased humidity, sometimes leading to localized fog formation, which can exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants. Winter (December-February) presents the most challenging period. Cooler temperatures and calmer winds frequently lead to temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air sits above cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and trapping pollutants. This is particularly concerning given the potential for pollutants to be transported from Tangier. During these months, fog is also common, further reducing visibility and concentrating pollutants. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should limit outdoor activity during periods of fog or stagnant air, especially in the mornings. While the Atlantic breeze generally provides a cleansing effect, periods of calm can quickly degrade air quality. The agricultural practices in the surrounding areas, particularly the use of fertilizers and pesticides, can also contribute to seasonal spikes in certain pollutants, especially during planting and harvesting seasons.