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Bautista, Pangasinan, nestled in the heart of the Philippines' Luzon Island, occupies a geographically significant position within the Central Luzon region. Located at approximately 15.8103° N, 120.4756° E, the municipality sits on a gently sloping alluvial plain, a direct consequence of its proximity to the Agno River and its extensive network of tributaries. This fertile landscape, historically shaped by fluvial deposition, supports a predominantly agricultural economy, with rice paddies and other crops dominating the surrounding rural areas. Bautista’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, which contributes to a generally stable atmospheric boundary layer, though it can also exacerbate pollution accumulation under certain conditions. The urban character of Bautista is transitioning; while retaining a strong rural feel, it exhibits a gradual urban–rural gradient as it connects to larger regional centers. To the west lies the Lingayen Gulf, a significant body of water influencing local weather patterns and potentially dispersing pollutants via sea breezes. Further inland, the terrain gradually rises, transitioning into rolling hills. The municipality’s location within a broader agricultural belt means that agricultural practices, including burning of crop residues, can contribute to localized air pollution events. Industrial activity is limited, but the proximity to larger industrial zones in nearby provinces means Bautista can be affected by transboundary pollution. The prevailing winds, generally from the northeast during the cooler months, play a crucial role in the dispersal of any pollutants generated locally or transported from elsewhere.

Bautista’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly impacting air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning November to May, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and decreased atmospheric mixing. During these months, particularly in March and April, the lack of precipitation allows particulate matter to accumulate, and stagnant air conditions, sometimes accompanied by temperature inversions, can trap pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, intensifies during this period, significantly contributing to localized smoke and haze. The wet season, from June to October, brings frequent rainfall and increased wind speeds, which generally flush out pollutants and improve air quality. However, monsoon rains can also bring moisture and humidity, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, especially during July and August when rainfall is abundant. However, those with respiratory conditions, such as asthma or bronchitis, should remain vigilant during the dry season and take precautions to minimize exposure to smoke and particulate matter. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable and should limit prolonged outdoor exertion during periods of poor air quality. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air purification can also be beneficial, especially during the dry season’s peak pollution periods.