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Bugallon, Pangasinan, Philippines, occupies a coastal position on the southwestern edge of Lingayen Gulf, a significant indentation in the western coastline of Luzon Island. Its coordinates (15.9200° N, 120.1800° E) place it within a predominantly rural landscape transitioning gradually towards a more urbanized setting closer to Dagupan City, approximately 30 kilometers to the northeast. The terrain is gently undulating, characterized by low hills and plains, sloping towards the coastline. Elevation rarely exceeds 50 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively uniform atmospheric mixing profile, though localized valleys can trap pollutants under certain conditions. The municipality is bordered to the east by the municipality of Anda, and to the west by Labrador, both exhibiting similar agricultural and coastal characteristics. The surrounding landscape is dominated by rice paddies, coconut plantations, and mango orchards, forming a significant agricultural belt. The proximity to Lingayen Gulf influences local weather patterns, bringing maritime breezes and humidity. While Bugallon itself lacks major industrial zones, its location within the broader Pangasinan province means it is susceptible to pollution drift from industrial areas further inland, particularly those related to fishing and agricultural processing. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with denser settlements and commercial activity concentrated along the national highway and coastal areas, gradually thinning out towards the interior agricultural lands. This gradient impacts air quality, with higher concentrations of vehicle emissions and localized dust from construction activities in the more populated zones.

Bugallon’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from November to May, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to increased wind speeds and drier conditions, which help disperse pollutants. However, agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, can lead to localized spikes in particulate matter during this period, particularly in March and April. The wet season, from June to October, brings monsoon rains and increased humidity. While rainfall naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, the increased humidity can exacerbate respiratory issues for sensitive individuals. Periods of prolonged rainfall can also lead to stagnant water and increased mosquito breeding, indirectly impacting public health. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during the cooler months (December-January), trapping pollutants near the ground and creating localized air quality concerns. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, are less common but can occur during the dry season, hindering vertical mixing and allowing pollutants to accumulate. The agricultural cycle plays a crucial role; planting and harvesting seasons bring increased dust and emissions from farm machinery. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during agricultural burning periods and when fog or stagnant air conditions are present, limiting strenuous outdoor activity and ensuring adequate ventilation.