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Hinundayan, a small municipality nestled in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines, occupies a geographically significant position within the Eastern Visayas region. Located at approximately 10.35° N, 125.25° E, the town’s terrain is characterized by rolling hills and coastal plains, sloping gently towards the Philippine Sea. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of agricultural land, primarily dedicated to coconut and rice cultivation, interspersed with patches of secondary forest. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to localized particulate matter, particularly during harvesting seasons. Hinundayan’s proximity to the sea, while offering a pleasant coastal environment, also means it’s susceptible to salt spray and marine aerosols, which can impact air quality, especially during windy conditions. The elevation varies, with higher areas offering panoramic views but also potentially experiencing temperature inversions that can trap pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is gradual; Hinundayan retains a distinctly rural character, with limited industrial presence. The nearest significant industrial zones are located further north in Tacloban City, minimizing direct industrial pollution impacts, though regional transport corridors can still carry pollutants. The town’s location within a typhoon-prone region also influences air quality; strong winds associated with typhoons can disperse pollutants, but also carry dust and debris, temporarily degrading air quality. The prevailing winds generally blow from the east, bringing in moisture and influencing local weather patterns and pollutant transport.

Hinundayan’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from March to May, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter due to agricultural burning practices, although this is generally localized and short-lived. The lack of rainfall during this period also means less natural cleansing of the atmosphere. The wet season, from June to November, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, periods of prolonged rainfall can sometimes lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly in low-lying areas, potentially trapping moisture and contributing to localized fog, which can reduce visibility and slightly increase respiratory irritation. Typhoons, common during the wet season, can dramatically alter air quality. While strong winds disperse pollutants, they also carry dust, debris, and moisture, temporarily degrading air quality and increasing the risk of respiratory problems. The months of July and August often experience the highest rainfall, providing a natural cleansing effect. During the transition months (February and December), wind patterns can be variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during agricultural burning periods and after heavy rainfall events, limiting outdoor activity when visibility is reduced or air feels heavy. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation is also crucial throughout the year.