Libagon, Southern Leyte, Philippines, occupies a coastal position on the eastern seaboard of the island of Leyte, a region characterized by a dynamic interplay of mountainous terrain and marine environments. Situated at approximately 10.3000° N, 125.0500° E, the municipality’s geography is defined by its sloping coastal plains rising to the rugged interior hills. The elevation varies considerably, influencing local microclimates and air circulation patterns. The Pacific Ocean directly borders Libagon, exposing it to prevailing easterly trade winds and the impacts of tropical cyclones. Inland, the landscape transitions to a mix of agricultural land – primarily coconut and banana plantations – and forested slopes, contributing to both natural air filtration and potential sources of biomass burning during agricultural practices. The urban character of Libagon is primarily rural, with a small central barangay serving as the commercial and administrative hub. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with settlements gradually thinning as one moves inland towards the mountainous regions. The proximity to the ocean moderates temperatures, but also introduces the risk of saltwater aerosols impacting air quality. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Libagon; however, regional agricultural processing facilities located further along the coast could contribute to occasional localized pollution events. The surrounding landscape, dominated by coconut groves and small-scale farms, generally promotes relatively clean air, though seasonal agricultural activities can introduce particulate matter.

Libagon’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season, significantly influencing air quality patterns. The wet season, typically spanning from November to May, brings frequent rainfall and high humidity. While the rain naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter, persistent cloud cover can occasionally lead to stagnant air conditions, particularly during periods of prolonged rainfall. The dry season, from June to October, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. During this period, biomass burning from agricultural land clearing and coconut husk disposal can become a more significant contributor to localized air pollution, especially in the afternoons when thermal inversions can trap pollutants near the ground. The easterly trade winds, a consistent feature of the region, generally disperse pollutants offshore, but their effectiveness is reduced during periods of calm weather or when inversions are present. Fog, though infrequent, can also trap pollutants, creating temporary pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although heavy rainfall can still impact visibility and comfort. The monsoon season, bringing increased rainfall and wind, typically offers a period of improved air quality, though the risk of storm-related debris and dust increases.